In October 1931, Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi met with Maria Montessori in London. Montessori education also spread throughout the world, including Southeast Asia and India, where Maria Montessori was interned during World War II. Montessori continued to extend her work during her lifetime, developing a comprehensive model of psychological development from birth to age 24, as well as educational approaches for children ages 0 to 3, 3 to 6, and 6 to 12. Montessori education returned to the United States in 1960 and has since spread to thousands of schools there. The 1914 critical booklet The Montessori System Examined by influential education teacher William Heard Kilpatrick limited the spread of Montessori's ideas, and they languished after 1914. However, conflict arose between Montessori and the American educational establishment. Vanderlip founded the Scarborough School, the first Montessori school in the U.S. In 1913 Narcissa Cox Vanderlip and Frank A. Montessori education had spread to the United States by 1912 and became widely known in educational and popular publications. The Franchetti Barons financed the publication of the book, and the methodology had the name "Method Franchetti-Montessori". In 1909, she documented her theories in Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica (later translated into English as The Montessori Method in 1912). Montessori lived with the Franchettis for two years and refined her methodology together with Alice Franchetti. Maria Montessori was invited to hold her first course for teachers and to set up a "Casa dei Bambini" at Villa Montesca, the home of the Franchettis in Città di Castello. In 1901, Maria Montessori met the prominent education reformers Alice and Leopoldo Franchetti. She frequently referred to her work as " scientific pedagogy". : 112 From the beginning, Montessori based her work on her observations of children and experimentation with the environment, materials, and lessons available to them. In 1907, she opened her first classroom, the Casa dei Bambini, or Children's House, in a tenement building in Rome. : 60 While visiting Rome's mental asylums during her schooling with a teacher, Montessori observed that confined children were in need of more stimulation from their environment. Maria Montessori began developing her educational philosophy and methods in 1897, attending courses in pedagogy at the University of Rome and learning educational theory. She became one of the very first women to become a medical doctor in Italy in the 19th century, and specialized in psychiatry and pediatrics. Maria Montessori initially resisted a career in teaching, one of only a few professions open to women in that time period. History The Scarborough School at the Edward Harden Mansion in Sleepy Hollow, New York, listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the site of the first American Montessori school in 1911 Scientific studies regarding the Montessori method are mostly positive, with a 2017 review stating that "broad evidence" exists for its efficacy. Popular elements include mixed-age classrooms, student freedom (including their choices of activity), long blocks of uninterrupted work time, specially trained teachers and prepared environment. Ī range of practices exist under the name "Montessori", which is not trademarked. The method was started in the early 20th century by Italian physician Maria Montessori, who developed her theories through scientific experimentation with her students the method has since been used in many parts of the world, in public and private schools alike. It discourages some conventional measures of achievement, such as grades and tests. It emphasizes independence and it views children as naturally eager for knowledge and capable of initiating learning in a sufficiently supportive and well-prepared learning environment. A Montessori classroom places an emphasis on hands-on learning and developing real-world skills. The Montessori method of education is a type of educational method that involves children's natural interests and activities rather than formal teaching methods. Traditional Montessori educational materials on display at the exhibition "Designed for children" at Triennale di Milano, Milan Children working with a moveable alphabet at a Montessori school ( June 2023) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations.
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